Dioscorides' Plants, Then and Now
λιβανωτίς

Rosemary

Salvia rosmarinus Spenn. · Lamiaceae
Identification: ProbableNot endemic to GreeceConservation status not assessedLow-confidence model
Risk rank
20 of 32 (16–22)
Risk score
0.29(0.29–0.29)2 · Moderate
Low-confidence modelRosemary (Salvia rosmarinus) has 357 occurrence records after cleaning; we require 30 for a reliable model. Maps are exploratory outlines only, and its rank carries a wide interval (16–22).

Then and now

2050 · moderate emissions. SSP2-4.5, 2041-2060, 3 climate models; ranges show the spread.

The plant
λιβανωτίς
Photograph of Salvia rosmarinus
Photo: Margalob · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons (photo of Rosemary)
2050 · moderate emissions
Natural Earth (PD) · model output · ~10 km cells
Loading map layers (0 of 1)
Layers
Range keptLost by 2050Gained by 2050Cultivation zoneNatura 2000Occurrence cellCells ≈ 10 × 10 km

Exploratory map (low-confidence model). Occurrences are aggregated to ~10 km cells; exact points are never published. View range data as a table

De Materia Medica · Book III · ch. 75c. 50–70 CE
λιβανωτίς
libanōtis
λιβανωτίς, ἣν Ῥωμαῖοι ῤουσμαρῖνον καλοῦσιν, ἧ καὶ οἱ στεφανοπλίκοι χρῶνται· ῥάβδοι εἰσὶ λεπταί …
Modern identification
Salvia rosmarinusSpenn. · LamiaceaeProbable

Mostly naturalised from cultivation in Greece and only locally native (Dimopoulos et al. 2013); records may include planted or escaped plants. Source: Osbaldeston 2000.

Full citation and quoted evidence

Wellmann (ed.) 1906, DMM III 75: "λιβανωτίς, ἣν Ῥωμαῖοι ῤουσμαρῖνον καλοῦσιν, ἧ καὶ οἱ στεφανοπλίκοι χρῶνται" (the libanotis the Romans call rosmarinus, used by garland-makers); Osbaldeston 2000, ch. 3-89: "Rosmarinus officinalis [Linnaeus]".

Opening words of the chapter (Wellmann numbering). Edition: Wellmann 1906-1914 (Weidmann, Berlin), public domain; digitised by First1KGreek (Harvard/Leipzig, CC BY-SA 4.0), urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0656.tlg001.1st1K-grc1. See the page scan.

Modern official status

European Medicines Agency herbal monograph

Rosmarini folium (botanical name Rosmarinus officinalis L.) · category: traditional

We report regulatory status only and make no claim about effects. Read the monograph for its exact wording.

Open the monograph on ema.europa.eu

Projected range change by 2050

2050 · moderate (SSP2-4.5)+38% (+29 to +47%)
2050 · high (SSP5-8.5)+55% (+42 to +64%)

Median and spread across 3 climate models. Whisker axis −80% to +20%, dashed tick at 0; a chevron means the value runs beyond the axis.

Suitable cultivation area, 2050 moderate0 km² (0–0 km²)

Risk score breakdown

0.29 (0.29–0.29)Moderate risk class 2
00.51.0
  • Range loss 0.00 of max 0.40 · (0.00–0.00)
  • Endemism 0.00 of max 0.20 · not endemic
  • Conservation status 0.10 of max 0.20 · not assessed
  • Harvest pressure 0.19 of max 0.20

Stays in the top 10 in 0% of 1,000 random weightings.

How the score is built, and how sensitive it is to weights

Model quality

Low grade
AUC (spatial block CV)
0.69 ± 0.03
Distance-only baseline AUC
0.66 ours is higher
Boyce index
0.48 ± 0.29
TSS
0.35 ± 0.06
Occurrence records
357 after cleaning (of 509)

5-fold spatial block cross-validation (~25 km blocks); ± is one standard deviation across folds. Null model AUC 0.51. The baseline scores each held-out point by its distance to the nearest training record, on the same folds. "Standard" grade means ≥ 30 records, AUC ≥ 0.75 and above the baseline; fewer than 10 records is a data gap; anything else is low grade.

Suggested action

Monitor

Stable or expanding; keep watching harvest and status. Resolve the data first.

Rule: Gains or keeps habitat · no 2050 cultivation zone.

See the action plan

Identification through time

Who has matched λιβανωτίς to which modern plant, from the Renaissance to today.

All names through time
Cited for the identification we modelProposed an alternativeAlternative preferred by our sourceAlternative rejected by our sourceCommonly proposed, not verified by us
Renaissance commentators
Linnaean botany & Flora Graeca
Edition
Modern
150016001700180019002000
  • λιβανωτίςDMM 3.75 · RosemarySalvia rosmarinusProbable

Select a mark to read who proposed which plant, and the source we read it in.

Dates are each authority's main herbal or commentary (approximate, "c."), used to order the timeline. Claims are parsed from our curated identification table; every quote links back to a page scan or edition on the plant page.

Caveats

  • Identification is probable; results describe Salvia rosmarinus Spenn., which may not be the plant Dioscorides meant.
  • Low-confidence model: 357 thinned records (we require 30) or AUC below 0.75.
  • Mostly naturalised from cultivation in Greece and only locally native (Dimopoulos et al. 2013); records may include planted or escaped plants.

Range data (map alternative)

ScenarioSuitable ~10 km cellsChangeShare in Natura 2000
Now876—22.4%
2050 moderate1,078 (1,072–1,157)+38% (+29 to +47%)23% (22–23%)
2050 high1,184 (1,099–1,245)+55% (+42 to +64%)22% (22–23%)